MMUST Institutional RepositoryThe DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material.http://ir-library.mmust.ac.ke:80802024-03-29T13:05:09Z2024-03-29T13:05:09ZINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING WOMEN’S UPTAKE OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYAJudy B., Chepngenohttp://ir-library.mmust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27202024-03-26T13:14:25Z2023-11-01T00:00:00ZINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING WOMEN’S UPTAKE OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA
Judy B., Chepngeno
This study assessed interpersonal communication as tool for enhancing uptake of cervical cancer screening among women seeking healthcare services at Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning (MCH/FP) clinic in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Specifically, it determined women’s awareness and knowledge levels of cervical cancer in relation to uptake of screening; examined interpersonal communication channels utilized and their effectiveness in the uptake of cervical cancer screening; determined the role of interpersonal communication channels in the uptake of cervical cancer screening, and established interpersonal communication barriers in relation to uptake of cervical cancer screening. The study was guided by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The study used pragmatic paradigm, descriptive cross-sectional research design and employed mixed methods approach. Data was collected from MCH/FP clinic at MTRH. From the target population, a sample of 308 women was selected using systematic random sampling method. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires while qualitative data was collected using two focused group discussions (FGDs) and six key informant interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data was analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 29, while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic content analysis with the aid of NVivo, version 12 software. The results were presented using a combination of narrative explanations, tables, charts and graphs. Inferential statistics were performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and regression analysis. The findings indicated that: there were low levels of knowledge about cervical cancer on the risk factors, causes and symptoms, healthcare workers were frequently usd channels and they play crucial roles in educating women on cervical cancer risk factors and motivating them to seek screening during clinic visits, friends provide advice about the purpose of cervical cancer tests and the benefits of screening. The barriers to interpersonal communication that affected uptake of screening were low levels of knowledge, inadequate information about screening, myths and misconceptions, fear of finding positive results and the screening procedure. The study recommends regular health education on cervical cancer in health facilties in order to increase women’s knowledge on cervical cancer, provision of requisite training to health care workers on best ways to disseminate cervical cancer information because they were found to be the frequently used and the most effective channels, curriculum review in health training institutions order to incorporate interpersonal communication aspects to equip learners on dissemination of health messages. Integrating interpersonal communication channels with mass media channels will reduce the stated barriers and enhance uptake of cervical screening. Lastly, policies in the Kenyan health care sector should be broken down into actionable points through interpersonal communication to the public in order to increase the likelihood of the suggested interventions being adopted right from county to national levels.
2023-11-01T00:00:00ZSELF-EFFICACY, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND BURN OUT AMONG PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN SABATIA SUB-COUNTY, KENYAMungasia, Joshua Atsiayahttp://ir-library.mmust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27192024-03-26T13:08:38Z2023-11-01T00:00:00ZSELF-EFFICACY, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND BURN OUT AMONG PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN SABATIA SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Mungasia, Joshua Atsiaya
Self-efficacy is a vital variable in evaluating teachers’ performance and its relationship
on their burnout. The purpose of the study was to assess how teachers’ self-efficacy
affects perfomace appraisal and burnout among public secondary school teachers in
Sabatia sub-county, Kenya. This study sought to: assess the effect of teachers’ selfefficacy
on their performance appraisal, find out influence of teachers’ self-efficacy on
burnout, and establish relationship between self-efficacy, performance appraisal and
burnout among public secondary school teachers in Sabatia Sub-county, Kenya. This
study was anchored on the self-efficacy component of the social cognitive theory by
Bandura and the grand theory of burnout by Blankert. It adopted a combination of a
descriptive and correlation survey research designs. The sample consisted 227 teachers
from twelve schools selected using purposive and stratified sampling technique. Data
for this study was collected using interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis.
Validity of data collection tools was established through piloting with ten respondents
who were not included in the study. Reliability was established using test-retest
reliability. Data analysis was done using desciptive and inferential statistics using
descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS,
version 25.0). Analyzed findings were presented using frequency tables, percentage and
mean scores. Results showed the R value from the model summary of the regression
between self-efficacy and performance appraisal was 0.617. The R square value was
0.381, which implied 38.1 % effect on teacher appraisal were attributed to self-efficacy.
Further, constant t-value of 6.894 at p=0.000. When self-efficacy was introduced in the
equation, the value increased to 8.278 at p=0.001. In objective two, R value from the
model summary of the regression between self-efficacy and performance appraisal was
0.688. The results showed a constant t-value of 10.155 at p=0.000. When burnout was
introduced in the equation, the value decreased to -4.425 at p=0.001. This implied selfefficacy
had a negative change on burnout. In objective three, the R value from the
model summary of the regression between self-efficacy, performance appraisal and
burnout was 0.810. The R square value was 0.656, which implied 65.6 % effect on
burnout was attributed to performance appraisal and self-efficacy. The results show a
constant t-value of 6.944 at p=0.001. When performance appraisal was introduced into
the equation, it reduced to -8.977 at p=0.000.In addition, when self-efficacy was
introduced into the relationship, it further reduced to -11.161. The results show that
there was a negative relationship between the self-efficacy and perfomance appraisal
and burnout. The findings of the study are useful to the Ministry of Education and
Teachers’ Service Commission in designing programs that focus on increasing teachers’
self-efficacy, perfecting performance appraisal, and reducing burnout. The study
recommended designing of programs to support young and newly recruited teachers to
boost their self-efficacy for service delivery and buffer against burnout, capacity build
teachers on identification of professional gaps. Furthermore, teachers’ appraisal should
be used to motivate teachers to better their performance through rewards and
promotions. Finally, teachers should be taught how to set realistic goals to avoid getting
into burnout.
2023-11-01T00:00:00ZDEVELOPING A CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR A SIMULATED AGGRESSIVE ACIDIC SEWER ENVIRONMENT USING RICE HUSK ASH AS AN ADMIXTUREOsimbo, Joseph Oluochhttp://ir-library.mmust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27182024-03-26T13:06:27Z2023-11-01T00:00:00ZDEVELOPING A CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR A SIMULATED AGGRESSIVE ACIDIC SEWER ENVIRONMENT USING RICE HUSK ASH AS AN ADMIXTURE
Osimbo, Joseph Oluoch
When sewage flows through closed concrete pipes, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) generated from
the sewage interacts with elements of concrete leading it to corrode. This leads to reduced
durability and reduction of lifetime of sewer pipes and pumping stations. Interventions that
have been used to mitigate this phenomenon have been found to result into high
maintenance costs, thus expensive and unsustainable. The study aimed to develop a
concrete mix design for use in acidic sewer environments using Rice Husks Ash (RHA) as
an admixture with minimum water cement ratio. The required characteristic strength for
such environment according to BS 8500 Part I is 35N/mm2. Two variables, namely
percentages of RHA and water to cement ratio (W/C) were used to alter the properties
concrete. The properties evaluated were workability, compressive strength, surface
texture, mass loss and porosity. The two water cement ratios 0.4 and 0.35 were used
with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% RHA in cement to produce concrete. Slump test was
carried on fresh concrete for all the categories. The cubes were exposed to acidic solution,
which was used to simulate the aggressive acidic sewer environment. The effect the acidic
solution had on surface roughness, mass loss, porosity and compressive strength of the
cubes was then evaluated. The presence of RHA diminished the workability of concrete
as the slump values reduced with increased presence of RHA in cement. Samples with
0.35 W/C were observed to have slightly more compressive strengths and also performed
better in terms of surface texture, mass loss and porosity than those with 0.4 W/C. The
highest compressive strengths, for the two water cement ratios, were achieved with 5%
RHA in cement and thereafter the strengths reduced with increasing presence of RHA.
The mass loss and porosities, for both water cement ratios, decreased with increasing
presence of RHA in cement. As the various categories performed differently on the
properties investigated, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to develop a scoring
system to evaluate the performance of various percentages of RHA and thus determine the
optimum % RHA replacement. The process determined a mix of 10% RHA and 0.35 W/C
as the optimum with a compressive strength of 35.29N/mm2 slightly higher than the
recommended characteristic strength by 0.8%. This translated to a mix proportion of
cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates of 1: 0.98: 1.67, with 10% RHA as an
admixture.
2023-11-01T00:00:00ZCONTEXT AND COGNITION IN THE TRANSLATION OF GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM TO KISWAHILIITIEBA, JILL LAVENTORhttp://ir-library.mmust.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/27172024-03-26T12:53:34Z2023-01-01T00:00:00ZCONTEXT AND COGNITION IN THE TRANSLATION OF GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM TO KISWAHILI
ITIEBA, JILL LAVENTOR
The translation of Animal Farm from English to Kiswahili was examined in this study in terms
of context and cognition. The study aimed at highlighting how non-equivalence may be viewed
as a key strategy in translation and to offer insights on how contextual frames of reference can
be employed in literary translation. By assuming that readers required the least amount of
processing effort to comprehend a text, it intended to determine if the target language version
was relevant to the readers. For a book to be considered relevant, the reader must be able to
relate to it in their current contextual understanding. The translator might do this by selecting
the best translation technique; by using either equivalence or nonequivalence translation
procedures. The objectives of the study were to: establish the cognitive contextual frames of
reference in the English to Kiswahili translation of Animal Farm; identify domestication as
cognition in this translation and assess the degree of cognitive contextual meaning loss or gain
in the target language version after translation. The source text "Animal Farm" and the target
text "Shamba la Wanyama" provided data for the study. In order to examine the nonequivalence
of the words and phrases of the two texts, a qualitative analysis was done. The
study sampled non-equivalent words and sentences using a systematic sampling approach. To
get reliable and accurate conclusions from the text, the study also employed content analysis.
The relevance hypothesis by Wilson & Sperber, (1995), was used. According to this theory,
every statement contains information that is pertinent enough to be worth the time of the
addressee to process. It utilized several components of the relevance theory, including the idea
that the cognitive environment of a person is a collection of facts that are observable to them
and that a text was only relevant when processed within the context of preexisting assumptions
produced a favorable cognitive outcome. New advancements have also been made in the idea
of relevance that the study used. For instance, certain specific content phrases will continue to
be active while being irrelevant in their context, according to Rubio, (2005). Sixty
nonequivalent words and phrases were selected using systematic sampling technique, where
meanings were deduced from sentences as well as words and phrases. The sociocultural,
organizational, textual, and communicational category changes were all utilized by the
translator, with the communicational category shifts serving as the highest contextual frames
of reference of the study. Due to the cultural differences, it was found that the translator chose
to heavily edit the source material in order to communicate. To preserve the original meaning
of the source material, the translator chose a number of translation techniques. These included
translation by omission, translation by a term that is more general, translation by a word that is
similar, and translation by example. Translation by cultural equivalents, translation by a more
generic word, translation by a less expressive word, translation by paraphrase, adaptation, and
idiomatic translation are some of the domestication tactics that were utilized in the study. The
most prevalent domestication technique employed in the translation was paraphrasing with a
related term. It was also concluded that meaning loss occurred more frequently in translation
than gain, mostly as a result of paraphrasing translation using unrelated terms. The research
will shed light on the application of contextual frames of reference in literary translation.
2023-01-01T00:00:00Z