Party Ideology and the Development of Political Coalitions in Kenya Since 1945

Abstract

This study examines the evolution of party ideologies and political coalitions in Kenya since 1945. It utilized pragmatism research philosophy, political coalition theory, and descriptive research design to analyse how party ideologies have influenced coalitions. The findings reveal that in the pre-independence period, party ideologies were strongly shaped by ethnic-based and nationalist movements, which defined political alliances. After independence, Kenya African National Union (KANU) emerged as the dominant party, initially espousing African socialism and nationalism under Kenyatta. However, this vision faced challenges due to ethnic patronage and power consolidation within the party. Over time, party ideologies shifted, with KANU moving towards authoritarianism under Moi, while opposition forces like Forum of Restoration of Democracy advocated for democratic reforms. The contemporary landscape has been characterized by the rise of coalition politics, where alliances are often formed based on pragmatic interests rather than strict ideological compatibility. Parties like National Rainbow Coalition, Orange Democratic Movement, Jubilee Alliance, and Kenya Kwanza have embraced diverse ideologies, from democratic reforms to economic development. The fluidity and complexity of Kenya's political landscape suggest that individual ambitions, power dynamics, and pragmatic considerations have often taken precedence over adherence to coherent ideological principles.