THE EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT ON RECIDIVISM AMONG RECIDIVIST OFFENDERS: A STUDY OF KIBOS MAIN, KIBOS MEDIUM AND KISUMU WOMEN PRISONS, KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA

Abstract

Despite significant governmental efforts in Kenya to reduce recidivism, the rate of reoffending among ex-convicts remains high, raising concerns about the effectiveness of existing correctional programs. This study aimed to examine the effects of imprisonment on recidivism among recidivist in Kisumu County, Kenya, with specific focus on three variables: prison-based treatment, inmate interaction, and re-integrative programs. The study was guided by Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory and Howard Becker’s Labeling Theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. In addition, the study employed explanatory mixed-methods research design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population comprised 946 individuals, from which a sample of 254 was selected using Krejcie and Morgan’s Table and Neyman’s Allocation Formula. Data collection tools included structured questionnaires and semi structured interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to summarize respondent characteristics and major study variables. Inferential statistics were employed to examine relationships among the objectives. Specifically, Chi-square tests were used to assess associations between categorical variables, while Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient measured the strength and direction of relationships between continuous variables. Additionally, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare group means across key variables. All tests were conducted at a 95% confidence level, with statistical significance set at p < .05. Qualitative data, obtained from open-ended survey items and interviews, were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using a thematic approach. The research was conducted in three correctional institutions: Kibos Main Prison, Kibos Medium Prison, and Kisumu Women Prison. Findings indicated a strong inverse relationship between prison-based treatment and recidivism (r = .901; R² = .812), and between re-integrative programs and recidivism (r =.-871; R² = .758). Conversely, inmate interaction showed a significant positive correlation with recidivism (r = .689; R² = .643). A combined regression model demonstrated that these three variables collectively explained 66% of the variance in recidivism. The study concludes that imprisonment in its current form is not uniformly effective in reducing recidivism. Its success depends on the presence of rehabilitative infrastructure, the management of inmate socialization, and the availability of post release support. First, the study recommends that correctional institutions invest more substantially in rehabilitation infrastructure. This includes recruiting qualified trainers and counselors, upgrading vocational and educational facilities, and ensuring that treatment programs are relevant to both inmate needs and labor market demands. Second, regarding prisoner interaction, prisons should design and implement structured engagement programs that foster positive socialization. Activities such as peer mentorship, faith-based dialogue, recreational sports, and staff-facilitated group discussions can help transform inmate relationships into tools for behavioral change. Lastly there is need for establishment of a coordinated framework for post-release support involving correctional institutions, probation officers, local government, NGOs, and community organizations.