Browsing University Journals/ Articles by Author "Were, Tom"
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Anemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Co-infected Injection Substance Users
Abonyo, Collins; Shaviya, Nathan; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, 2020-09)Background Although injection substance users and individuals co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suffer marked hematologic derangements, the rates, levels, morphologic types and ... -
Anemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium TuberculosisCo-infected Injection Substance Users
Odiwuor, Collins; Shaviya, Nathan; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 2020-09)BACKGROUND፡ Although injection substance users and individuals co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suffer marked hematologic derangements, the rates, levels, morphologic types and ... -
Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms
Barasa, Erick; Indieka, Briston; Shaviya, Nathan; Osoro, Ezra; Maloba, Geofrey; Mukhongo, Denis; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (Journal of Parasitology Research, 2024-02-05)Background. Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these ... -
Association between Fcγ receptor IIA, IIIA and IIIB genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to severe malaria anemia in children in western Kenya
Munde, Elly O.; Okeyo, Winnie A.; Raballah, Evans; Anyona, Samuel B.; Were, Tom; Ong’echa, John M.; Perkins, Douglas J.; Ouma, Collins (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2017-04-20)Background Naturally-acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria develops after several episodes of infection. Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) bind to immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and mediate phagocytosis of opsonized ... -
Atypical cervical cytomorphologic predictors.
Muitta, Esther; Were, Tom; Nyamache, Anthony Kebira; Muhoho, Ng'ethe (National Library of Medicine, 2019-06)Introduction: high risk HPV is the perpetrator of cervical cancer disease, however screening and vaccination is not included in cervical cancer prevention program within public hospitals in Kenya. This descriptive study ... -
Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness among Women with Pregnancy and Childbirth related Complications at Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
Ihomba, Peter Kamwathi; Nyamari, Jackim M; Murima, Francis Ng'ang'a; Were, Tom (The East African Health Reasearch Journal, 2020-06-28)Background: In developing countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa, women and newborns continue to face increased risks of mortality and morbidity during the time of pregnancy, birth and postpartum. Preparing ... -
The burden and types of anaemia among HIV infected, ART-naive injection substance users in Kenya
Khazalwa, Emmanuel Mulaya; Were, Tom; Mulama, David Hughes; Budambula, Valentine (African Health Sciences, 2022-04-29)ntroduction: Illicit substance use and HIV infection cause haematological derangements. Anaemia characterized by a reduction in the quality and quantity erythrocytes is the most common disorder in both HIV-positive persons ... -
Circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity among people living with and without human immunodeficiency virus and injecting drugs in kenya
Onyango, Abel O.; Shaviya, Nathan; Budambula, Valentine; Orinda, George O.; Anzala, Omu; Aabid, Ahmed A.; Were, Tom (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2024-07-17)Background People who inject drugs (PWID) and living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) are at higher risk of suffering marked derangements in micronutrient levels, leading to poor disease and treatment outcomes. ... -
Circulating Interferon-Gamma Levels Are Associated with Low Body Weight in Newly Diagnosed Kenyan Non-Substance Using Tuberculosis Individuals
Shaviya, Nathan; Budambula, Valentine; Webale, Mark K; Were, Tom (National Library of Medicine, 2016-01-05)Although interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and adiponectin are key immunopathogenesis mediators of tuberculosis, their association with clinical manifestations of early stage disease is inconclusive. We determined ... -
Clinical chemistry profiles in injection heroin users from Coastal Region, Kenya
Were, Tom; Wesongah, Jesca O; Munde, Elly; Ouma, Collins; Kahiga, Titus M; Owuor, Francisca Ongecha; Kiarie, James N; Ahmed, Aabid A; Makokha, Ernest P; Budambula, Valentine (BMC Clin Pathol, 2014-07-09)Background: Although the co-burden of injection drug use and HIV is increasing in Africa, little is known about the laboratory markers of injection drug use and anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in Kenyan injection drug ... -
Community attitude and practice towards skin disease prevention in a rural community in Busia County
Ogombo, Concilia Magaya; Wanzala, Maximilla; Were, Tom (International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2021-04-19)Background: Skin conditions were the fourth leading cause of nonfatal burden globally, expressed as years lost due to disability and eighteenth leading cause of health burden worldwide, expressed as disability adjusted ... -
Cytokine profiles in highly active antiretroviral treatment non-adherent, adherent and naive HIV-1 infected patients in Western Kenya
Musa, Fauzia; Shaviya, Nathan; Mambo, Fidelis; Abonyo, Collins; Barasa, Erick; Wafula, Philemon; Sowayi, George; Barasa, Mustafa; Were, Tom (African Health Sciences, 2021-12)Background: Cytokines play an important role in signaling the immune system to build an adequate immune response against HIV. HIV distorts the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines causing viral replication. ... -
Erratum to: Hepatitis B virus sero-profiles and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and Non-injection drug users from coastal Kenya
Webale, Mark K.; Budambula, Valentine; Lihana, Raphael; Musumba, Francis O.; Nyamache, Anthony K.; Budambula, Nancy L. M.; Ahmed, Aabid A.; Ouma, Collins; Were, Tom (BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015-09-03)Erratum After publication of [1] it came to the authors’ attention that Mark K. Webale’s name was displayed incorrectly. The correct spelling of their name has been updated in the original article and is included in this erratum. -
Escherichia coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups in diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya
Nyanga, Peter Lokamar; Onyuka, Jackson; Webale, Mark Kilongosi; Were, Tom; Budambula, Valentine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench, 2017-06-29)m: In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups and their antimicrobial profiles among diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. Background: Although diarrheagenic ... -
Factors associated with non-adherence to Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to malaria in a rural population from holoendemic region of western Kenya
Onyango, Elizabeth O; Ayodo, George; Watsierah, Carren A; Were, Tom; Okumu, Wilson; Anyona, Samuel B; Raballah, Evans; Okoth, John M; Gumo, Sussy; Orinda, George O; Ouma, Collins (National Library of Medicine, 2012-06-24)Background: Over the years, reports implicate improper anti-malarial use as a major contributor of morbidity and mortality amongst millions of residents in malaria endemic areas, Kenya included. However, there are limited ... -
Factors associated with non-adherence to Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to malaria in a rural population from holoendemic region of western Kenya
Onyango, Elizabeth O; Ayodo, George; Watsierah, Carren A; Were, Tom; Okumu, Wilson; Anyona, Samuel B; Raballah, Evans; Okoth, John M; Gumo, Sussy; Orinda, George O; Ouma, Collins (National Library of Medicine, 2012-06-24)Background: Over the years, reports implicate improper anti-malarial use as a major contributor of morbidity and mortality amongst millions of residents in malaria endemic areas, Kenya included. However, there are limited ... -
Factors associated with non-adherence to Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to malaria in a rural population from holoendemic region of western Kenya
Onyango, Elizabeth O; Ayodo, George; Watsierah, Carren A; Were, Tom; Okumu, Wilson; Anyona, Samuel B; Raballah, Evans; Okoth, John M; Gumo, Sussy; Orinda, George O; Ouma, Collins (National Library of Medicine, 2012-06-24)Background: Over the years, reports implicate improper anti-malarial use as a major contributor of morbidity and mortality amongst millions of residents in malaria endemic areas, Kenya included. However, there are limited ... -
Feedback-Based, System-Level Properties of Vertebrate-Microbial Interactions
Rivas, Ariel L.; Jankowski, Mark D.; Piccinini, Renata; Leitner, Gabriel; Schwarz, Daniel; Anderson, Kevin L.; Fair, Jeanne M.; Hoogesteijn, Almira L.; Wolter, Wilfried; Chaffer, Marcelo; Blum, Shlomo; Were, Tom; Konah, Stephen N; Kempaiah, Prakash; Ong’echa, John M.; Diesterbeck, Ulrike S.; Pilla, Rachel; Czerny, Claus-Peter; Hittner, James B.; Hyman, James M.; Douglas J. Perkins, Douglas J. (PLOS ONE, 2013-02-20)Background Improved characterization of infectious disease dynamics is required. To that end, three-dimensional (3D) data analysis of feedback-like processes may be considered. Methods To detect infectious disease data ... -
Functional Haplotypes in the ADIPOQ Gene are Associated with Underweight, Immunosuppression and Viral Suppression in Kenyan HIV-1 Infected Antiretroviral Treatment Naive and Experienced Injection Substance Users
Shaviya, Nathan; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (Ethiop J Health Sci, 2020-07-01)Background Human immunodeficiency virus and injection substance use have an influence on genes and gene expression. These effects could be beneficial or detrimental in defining disease outcomes. Adiponectin gene is key ... -
Hepatic Function and its Association with Clinical Outcomes in Non-Adherent HIV-1 Adults
Mutuma, Brian; Robin, Omedo; Wafulaorcid, Philemon; Demba, Norman; Zablon, Jeremiah; Shaviya, Nathan; Were, Tom (Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 2023-09-03)Background and study aim: Hepatic derangements are emerging as prominent causes mortality and morbidity among HIV patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Among this population, high HIV viremia, low CD4+ ...