A HISTORY OF BORDER SECURITY AND ECONO-DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KENYA AND UGANDA SINCE 1902

Abstract

Historically, border security and econo-diplomatic relations are inevitable and inseparable themes in states that border each other. Border security can enhance, develop, grow or destroy econo-diplomatic relations. This study interrogated a history of border security and econo-diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda since 1902. It was guided by four specific objectives as follows: to trace the history of border security and econo-diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda from 1902 to 1962; to assess border security and economic relations between Kenya and Uganda since 1962; to examine diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda since 1962; and finally, to evaluate the challenges and opportunities relating to border security and econo-diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda since 1962. Philosophically, the study was guided by the ideas of interpretivism ideas. Theoretically, the study was guided by the interdependence theory and bureaucratic theory. Related literature was reviewed and knowledge gaps identified. The research adopted qualitative research method. It employed historical research design. The target population constituted residents of Kenya and Uganda at the border. The study used snowballing and purposive sampling, leading to a sample size of 224 respondents and 4 FGDs which were reached upon saturation. The study was conducted along the border of Kenya and Uganda. The instruments of data collection included; focus group discussion guide, key informant interview schedule, oral interview guide and secondary sources. Data collected was analyzed by use of content analysis. It was then presented thematically. Therefore, the study findings as per specific objectives were as follows: in the first specific objective, the lack of detailed maps for a significant portion of the region prior to the 1940s, contributed to the errors that occurred during the process of establishing colonial boundaries. In the second specific objective, prior to the establishment of borders, the people of Kenya and Uganda moved freely, rearing their animals and exchanging or trading goods in order to fulfil their needs. In the third specific objective, the pursuit of diplomatic relations not only improves the efficiency of bilateral relations but is also essential to the maintenance of development. Finally, in the fourth specific objective, the risk associated with integration is that, despite the fact that it has the potential to boost overall productivity and the total real income of the region, it has unfavourable effects on the distribution of that income and exacerbates existing issues of inequality. The study concludes that; the complex interplay of historical, colonial, geographical, and socio-political factors have profoundly shaped the dynamics of the region between Kenya and Uganda. Therefore, the lack of detailed maps, colonial imposition, and shifting land use patterns have contributed to longstanding tensions and disputes along the border. Based on the on the study findings, the study recommends as follows: in specific objective one, given the historical complexities and enduring challenges surrounding border security and econo-diplomatic relations between Kenya and Uganda, it is recommended that both nations prioritize collaborative efforts for sustainable development and conflict resolution. In specific objective two, acknowledging the historical resilience and adaptability of the border communities, it is recommended that Kenya and Uganda further strengthen their collaborative security measures and economic cooperation. In specific objective three, considering the historical complexities and ongoing diplomatic challenges between Kenya and Uganda since 1962, it is recommended that both nations prioritize the establishment of a bilateral commission or forum dedicated to addressing border disputes and fostering diplomatic dialogue, and finally, diplomatic negotiations should be intensified to resolve political differences, promote trust, and strengthen joint initiatives on security and economic cooperation.