INTERPLAY BETWEEN ETHNIC IDENTITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED COUNTIES OF WESTERN KENYA SINCE 1963

Abstract

Ethnic identity is one issue that has remained highly contested as regards economic freedom and development in the world today. As independence dawned on the nation-state of Kenya, there were waves of excitement. The liberated citizens had high expectations of a strong lithified nationhood that would embrace inclusivity, equal distribution of the national resources, sustainable development as well as living in unity, peace and liberty. This study generally interrogated the interplay between ethnic identity and economic development in Kenya since 1963. The study specific objectives were to; trace the origins, nature and development of ethnic identity in Kenya; asses the influence of ethnic identity on economic development in Kenya since 1963, examine the legal policies and institutional framework in addressing effects of ethnic identity in Kenya and finally evaluate the challenges and opportunities in the interplay between ethnic identity and economic development challenges in Kenya since 1963. In the scope, the study was conducted in Kenya, addressing the period since 1963, when Kenya gained self-rule. The study was conducted in 7 Counties in Kenya since they were occupied by all the 45 ethnic groups. Literature review was conducted and knowledge gaps were identified. It adopted Instrumental Marxist theory and Relative Deprivation theory. The study was qualitative in nature. It adopted historical research design. The target population included political leadership, community elders, social workers, residents of the seven counties and experts on historical matters. The data collected was analyzed by the use of content analysis and its presentation done thematically. The study used, purposive and snow ball sampling techniques to identify various respondents to be involved in the study. The study findings demonstrate that: Since Kenyan’s independence in 1963, Kenyan politics has been bedeviled by ethnic politics as a result of ethnic polarization and sentimental coloration of all national issues. Further, marginalization, inequalities and other forms of disparities have also been the result of ethnicity and ethnic-based politics, which have since colonialism been a central basis of discrimination. Additionally, through the promotion of equality and the addressing of the underlying effects of ethnic identity, Kenya has the potential to pave the way for a future that is more inclusive and prosperous for all of its citizens. Lastly, the politicization of resource allocation, favoring regions or communities based on ethnic affiliations, has engendered stark disparities in infrastructure development, service provision, and access to economic opportunities. The study observed that: It became evident that the country's socio-political landscape was deeply influenced by tribal divisions. Also, ethnic divisions have hindered progress by perpetuating inequalities in resource allocation and fostering a climate of favoritism. Moreover, existing policies often fail to adequately address the root causes of ethnic tensions and disparities in Kenya. Finally, by implementing comprehensive reforms and inclusive policies that transcend ethnic boundaries, Kenya can overcome divisive forces and harness its cultural diversity as a driver of sustainable economic development. From the foregoing observation, the study concludes that, while Interpretivism philosophy advocates for practical and adaptable solutions, the entrenched nature of ethnic identity in Kenya highlights the complexity of societal challenges that defy simplistic remedies. It is recommended that, the implementation of comprehensive civic education programs is necessary. On top of that, there is need for the establishment of inclusive economic policies in Kenya. Also, there is need to reform the legal system to promote equality and non-discrimination in Kenya. Lastly, there is a need to implement inclusive economic policies that prioritize equitable resource distribution and promote the participation of all ethnic groups in economic activities.