The Microclimate Modulation by Banana Canopy: Seasonal Implications for Integrated Mushroom

Abstract

Mushroom cultivation is highly sensitive to microclimatic conditions, which determine colonization, fruiting, and quality. In tropical regions, seasonal variability in temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide often constrains production, particularly for smallholder farmers who lack the resources to maintain controlled environments. Banana (Musa spp.) plantations provide natural shade and buffering effects that may serve as low-cost alternatives to indoor cultivation, yet empirical evaluations remain limited. This study investigated the influence of season (wet and dry), cultivation environment (indoor vs. outdoor under banana canopy), and species (Pleurotus ostreatus andPleurotus australis) on microclimate dynamics at Masinde Muliro University farm, Kakamega County, Kenya. A split–split plot design with three replicates was used, and air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration were monitored at mushroom canopy height. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, with treatment means separated by Tukey’s HSD at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed significant seasonal variation in all parameters. During thedry season, indoor conditions maintained higher humidity and lower temperatures than outdoors. However, in the wet season, humidity and temperature did not differ significantly between indoor and outdoor setups, demonstrating the buffering effect of the banana canopy. Outdoor environments consistently recorded higher light intensity and lower CO₂ levels compared to indoor systems. These findings highlight banana canopies as effective natural microclimate regulators, offering a sustainable and low-input alternative to controlled indoor cultivation in tropical smallholder systems.